Orl�ans, Louis-philippe-joseph, Duc D' (duke Of)
The cousin of King Louis XVI (ruled 1774 - 92) and the son of Louis-Philippe (later duc d'Orl�ans), he became duc de Chartres in 1752 and succeeded to his father's title in 1785. Orl�ans's hostility to Louis XVI's queen, Marie-Antoinette, caused him to live away from the royal court
Amyot, Jacques
Amyot was educated at the University of Paris and at Bourges, where he became professor of Latin and Greek
Floral Decoration, 17th century
The arrangement of plant materials truly became an art and an important decorative device in the 17th century. During this period of worldwide exploration, colonization, and commerce, new plants were introduced into Europe, where an avid interest in horticulture developed. Still-life paintings of the late 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries reveal what a great variety of
Paglia, Camille
The controversial academic, aesthete, and self-described feminist Camille Paglia enunciated her unorthodox views on sexuality and the development of culture and art in Western civilization in two books, Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (1990) and Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays (1992). Her public persona and iconoclastic views enraged
Bahrain, Settlement patterns
The majority of the population now dwells in towns, but in the north and northwest of the main island, where irrigation has long been carried out using artesian water, there are numerous small villages and isolated dwellings where horticulture is the way of life. This area has an aspect of great fertility, which contrasts starkly with the bare desert appearance of
�lvarez, Juan
A landowner of mestizo ancestry, �lvarez in 1811 joined Jos� Mar�a Morelos in an unsuccessful campaign for independence from Spain. He was prominent in Antonio L�pez de Santa Anna's revolt of 1822 - 23, which overthrew
Accesi, Compagnia Degli
Company that performed commedia dell'arte (improvised popular Italian comedy) in the early 1600s. The name means �the stimulated.� Leadership was provided by Tristano Martinelli (famous for his portrayal of Arlecchino, the mischievous servant) and Pier Maria Cecchini (known as the leading interpreter of the character Fritellino, as well as the author of valuable texts
United Airlines, Inc.
United Airlines dates to 1929, when William E. Boeing (1881 - 1956), Frederick B. Rentschler (1887 - 1956), and their associates founded United Aircraft Transport Corporation, a conglomerate of both aircraft manufacturing and air transport.
Frederick Vii
The son of the future king Christian VIII and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Frederick in 1839 was appointed governor of the island of Fyn. As a crown prince, he had two unhappy marriages: first, in 1828, to his second cousin Wilhelmina
Cloisonn�
In the decorative arts, an enameling technique or any product of that technique, which consists of soldering to a metal surface delicate metal strips bent to the outline of a design and filling the resulting cellular spaces, called cloisons (French: �partitions,� or �compartments�), with vitreous enamel paste. The object then is fired, ground smooth, and polished. Sometimes
Ramat Gan
City, west-central Israel, on the Plain of Sharon just east of Tel Aviv - Yafo. Founded in 1921, it is the largest satellite city in the Tel Aviv - Yafo metropolitan area, with fine residential quarters, extensive parks and gardens, including a national park, and the nation's principal athletic stadium, seating 50,000 persons. It is also the home of Bar-Ilan University, a religiously oriented
Disjunction
In logic, relation or connection of terms in a proposition to express the concept �or�; it is a statement of alternatives (sometimes called �alternation�). For clarity, exclusive disjunction (either x or y but not both), symbolized x �� y, x � y, or x �/y, must be distinguished from inclusive disjunction (either x or y or both x and y), symbolized x � y. See also implication.
Canal Zone
Also called �Panama Canal Zone, � historic administrative entity in Panama over which the United States exercised jurisdictional rights from 1903 to 1979. It was a strip of land 10 miles (16 km) wide along the Panama Canal, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and bisecting the Isthmus of Panama. It covered 553 square miles (1,432 square km), of which about one-third was water (principally Gatun Lake). The Canal Zone
Biblical Literature, Biblical literature in the liturgy of Judaism
Because the synagogue arose in a land separated from the Jerusalem Temple with its sacrificial
Brianchon, Charles-julien
In 1804 Brianchon entered the �cole Polytechnique in Paris, where
Half-timber Work
Method of building in which external and internal walls are constructed of timber frames and the spaces between the structural members are filled with such materials as brick, plaster, or wattle and daub. Traditionally, a half-timbered building was made of squared oak timbers joined by mortises, tenons, and wooden pegs; the building's cagelike structural skeleton
Brother Adam
(KARL KEHRLE), German-born Benedictine monk and bee breeder (b. Aug. 3, 1898, Mittlebiberach, Ger.--d. Sept. 1, 1996, Buckfast, South Devon, Eng.), was regarded as an authority on bees for his revolutionary work, most notably the development of the Buckfast bee, a breed that was considered one of the hardiest and most prolific producers of honey ever bred. At the age of 11 he was sent from his home in Germany
Lord Chief Justice
In England and Wales, the head of the Queen's (or King's) Bench Division of the High Court of Justice and next in rank to the lord chancellor. Appointed by the crown on the nomination of the prime minister, he usually presides over the Court of Criminal Appeal and is an ex officio member of the Court of Appeal. He is invariably raised to the peerage on appointment and so is able
Wage And Salary, Subsistence theory
Subsistence theories emphasize the supply aspects and neglect the demand aspects of the labour market. They hold that change in the supply of workers is the basic force that drives real wages to the minimum required for subsistence. Elements of a subsistence theory appear in The Wealth of Nations, where Smith wrote that the wages paid to workers had to be enough
Pippin Iii
The pope was in need of aid. Aistulf, king of the Lombards, had seized Ravenna with its lands, known as the exarchate. Soon, Lombard troops marched south, surrounded Rome, and prepared to lay siege to its walls. So matters stood when in 752 Zacharias died and Stephen II became pope. In November 753 Pope Stephen made his way over the stormy mountain passes to Frankish territory. He
Tivoli
The park was opened in 1843 by the writer-architect
Vakaga
Northernmost pr�fecture of the Central African Republic, bordering Chad to the northwest and The Sudan to the northeast. Until the mid-1960s it was an autonomous sub-prefecture named for the town of Birao, the prefectural seat. The northern part of Vakaga, around Birao, with an average temperature of 80� F (27� C), has a far drier climate than the rest of the country. Rainfall, averaging
Marechera, Dambudzo
Marechera grew up in poverty. He reacted against his upbringing and adopted an increasingly self-destructive lifestyle. He studied at the
Morant, Sir Robert Laurie
Morant was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, and went in November 1886 to Siam (now Thailand) as tutor to the royal family and prepared for King Chulalongkorn an educational plan for the whole country. He returned
Marechera, Dambudzo
Pinyin �Xinhua�, Wade-Giles romanization �Hsinhua� news agency of the People's Republic of China, founded in 1929 as the press outlet of the Chinese Communist Party. The agency is headquartered in Peking and has offices around the world. NCNA has domestic and international services for Chinese and non-Chinese media. Like other news media in China, it operates under governmental control, and its releases reflect official
Kwangsi, The revolution
Together with neighbouring Kwangtung, Kwangsi in the early years of the 20th century became the base of the nationalist revolution led by Sun Yat-sen. Between 1906 and 1916 the provincial leaders of Kwangsi supported the establishment of a republic, and during the following decade played an active role in the reorganization of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang). Following
Moscow
City, seat (1888) of Latah county, northwestern Idaho, U.S. The city is situated on Paradise Creek, in the Palouse country just north of Lewiston, near the Washington border. The area was settled in 1871 and developed as a stagecoach station. Local farmers called the area Hog Heaven. The origins of the name Moscow are disputed; some hold that the town was named by Jonathan Neff, a homesteader
Quince
Fruit tree of the genus Cydonia, of the rose family (Rosaceae). The much-branched shrubs or small trees have entire leaves with small stipules and bear large, solitary, white or pink flowers like those of the pear or apple but with leafy calyx lobes and a many-celled ovary, in each cell of which are numerous horizontal ovules. The fruits may be round and flattened or somewhat
Black Panther Party
Original name �Black Panther Party For Self-defense,� American black revolutionary party founded in 1966 in Oakland, Calif., by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The party's original purpose was to patrol black ghettoes to protect residents from acts of police brutality. The Panthers eventually developed into a Marxist revolutionary group that called for the arming of all blacks, the exemption of blacks from the draft and from
Venera
Any of a series of unmanned Soviet planetary probes that were sent to Venus. Venera 2 (launched in 1965) flew to within 25,000 miles (40,200 km) of Venus in February 1966, and Venera 3 crash-landed on its surface the following month, becoming the first spacecraft to strike another planet. Venera 4 (1967) analyzed the chemical composition of Venus' upper atmosphere and provided the scientific community
Amphitryon
In Greek mythology, son of Alcaeus, king of Tiryns. Having accidentally killed his uncle Electryon, king of Mycenae, Amphitryon fled with Alcmene, Electryon's daughter, to Thebes, where he was cleansed from the guilt by Creon, his maternal uncle, king of Thebes. Alcmene refused to marry Amphitryon until he had avenged the death of her brothers, all of whom except one had
Cape Town, The city site
The first settlement of Cape Town was situated between Table Mountain and Table Bay. It was bounded on the northwest by the ridges known as Lion's Head and Lion's Rump (later called Signal Hill), on the north by Table Bay, on the south by Devil's Peak, and on the east by marshlands and the sandy Cape Flats beyond. The nearest tillable land was on the lower eastern slopes of Devil's
Zhou Yang
Zhou joined the Chinese Communist Party soon after the failure of the revolution in 1927. A graduate of Ta-hsia University in Shanghai in 1928, he went to Japan for advanced study in 1929. Upon returning to China in 1931 he became one of the leaders
Hyssop
(Hyssopus officinalis), garden herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae, or Labiatae) whose flowers and evergreen leaves have long been used as a flavouring for foods and beverages and as a folk medicine. The plant has a sweet scent and a warm, bitter taste. A strong tea made of the leaves and sweetened with honey is a traditional remedy for nose, throat, and
Saramacca
Creole language, based on English, spoken by Bush Negroes in the Guianas. See Sranantonga.
Ben Thuy
Town, northern Vietnam, on the Ca River, just southeast of the urban centre of Vinh. Just upstream from where the Ca River enters the Gulf of Tonkin where it meets the South China Sea, Ben Thuy serves as the outport of Vinh, and much of the trade of the central part of the country is funneled through it.
Wolffian Duct
In advanced vertebrates the Wolffian duct develops
Avempace
Avempace's chief philosophical tenets seem to have included belief in the possibility that the human soul could become united with the Divine. This
Mabley, Moms
Byname of �Jackie Mabley�, original name �Loretta Mary Aiken� American comedian who was one of the most successful black vaudeville performers. She modeled her stage persona largely on her grandmother, who had been a slave. Wise, clever, and often ribald, Mabley dressed in frumpy clothes and used her deep voice and elastic face (and, in later years, her toothlessness) to great
Karaji, Al-
Also known as �al-Karkhi,� in full,� Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Karaji� mathematician and engineer who held an official position in Baghdad (c. 1010 - 1015), perhaps culminating in the position of vizier, during which time he wrote his three main works, al-Fakhri fi'l-jabr wa'l-muqabala (�Glorious on algebra�), al-Badi� fi'l-hisab (�Wonderful on calculation�), and al-Kafi fi'l-hisab (�Sufficient on calculation�). A
Ash Wednesday
In the Christian church, the first day of Lent, occurring 6 1/2 weeks before Easter (between February 4 and March 11, depending on the date of Easter). In the early Christian church, the length of the Lenten celebration varied, but eventually it began 6 weeks (42 days) before Easter. This provided only 36 days of fast (excluding Sundays). In the 7th century, 4 days were added before the first Sunday
Prickly Poppy
Also called �Argemony� any of approximately 30 species of the genus Argemone, North American and West Indian plants belonging to the poppy family (Papaveraceae). Most have spiny leaves, yellow or orange sap, and prickly fruits. Some species have become naturalized in arid regions of South America, Asia, and Africa. Prickly poppies are cultivated as garden ornamentals but frequently become
Fielding, Henry
Novelist and playwright, who, with Samuel Richardson, is considered a founder of the English novel. Among his major novels are Joseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749).
Spalacotherium
Genus of extinct primitive, probably predaceous mammals known from fossils found in Late Jurassic deposits of Europe. The genus Spalacotherium is representative of the symmetrodonts, a group characterized by molar teeth with three cusps arranged in a triangle. The symmetrodonts are among the oldest known mammals and may in some way have played a role in the development
Hippocrateaceae
Family of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, belonging to the order Celastrales, comprising 21 genera common in the tropics. They have simple leaves and small, greenish flowers. The genus Hippocratea has 80 or more species, including H. ovata, a high-climbing vine - in tropical America and the West Indies - with leathery, oval leaves. Salacia, with 200 species, differs from Hippocratea
Ileitis
In general, ileitis can affect
New Church
Also called �Swedenborgians, � church organized in the General Conference of the New Church, the General Convention of the New Jerusalem in the U.S.A., and the General Church of the New Jerusalem. Its members are followers of the theology of Emanuel Swedenborg, the 18th-century Swedish scientist, philosopher, and theologian. Swedenborg did not himself found a church, but he believed that his writings
Catafalque
Ornate, often theatrical, usually movable funereal structure mounted on a stage to support a coffin for a lying-in-state. It is used for royalty and personages of distinction and is normally set up in a historic public hall, such as Westminster Hall, London, and the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. The reputation of the Spanish architect Jos� Churriguera, known for
Crichton, Charles Ainslie
British film director who achieved near-legendary status with a series of classic comedies he made for Ealing Studios in the 1940s and '50s, notably Hue and Cry (1947), The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), and The Titfield Thunderbolt (1953); by the 1960s he had retreated to directing for television, but he made a triumphant big-screen comeback - and garnered an Academy Award nomination - for A Fish Called
Earth, Formation of joints
Because joints are areas of weakness in sedimentary rocks, erosion may occur more readily along regions in which joints are closely spaced. Consequently, streams in some areas of jointed rocks tend to parallel one or more joint sets.
Catafalque
To assist and increase individual participation in a fuller Jewish life, the United Synagogue has administrative divisions for youth activities, Jewish
Lowestoft Porcelain
English phosphatic soft-paste ware, resembling Bow porcelain, produced in Lowestoft, Suffolk, from 1757 to 1802; the wares are of a domestic kind, such as pots, teapots, and jugs. Generally on a small scale and light in weight, they are decorated in white and blue or in a polychrome that utilizes a bright brick red. After 1770 transfer printing was used. The shapes were copied from silverwork
Kora
Long-necked harp lute of the Malinke people of western Africa. The instrument's body is composed of a long hardwood neck that passes through a calabash gourd resonator, itself covered by a leather soundboard. Twenty-one leather or nylon strings are attached to the top of the neck with leather tuning rings. The strings pass over a notched bridge (10 strings
Berchtold, Leopold, Count (graf) Von
A wealthy landowner in Hungary and Moravia, Berchtold, through marriage, became one of the richest men in Austria-Hungary. He entered the diplomatic service in 1893, held posts in Paris and London, and in 1906 was appointed
Mountain, Mountain belts associated with crustal shortening
Most mountain belts of the world and nearly all of those in Europe, Asia, and North America have been built by horizontal crustal shortening and associated crustal thickening. The landforms associated with such belts depend on the rates, amounts, and types of crustal deformation that occur and on the types of rocks that are exposed to erosion. To some extent the deformation
Celestine Ii
A scholar of noble birth, he studied under Peter Ab�lard, with whom he remained on friendly terms even after Ab�lard's condemnation at the Council of Sens (1140). He was made cardinal deacon in 1127 by Pope Honorius II and cardinal priest (c. 1134) by Pope Innocent II, whom he was elected to succeed on Sept. 26, 1143. As pope (consecrated
X-trisomy
Sex chromosome disorder of human females, in which three X chromosomes are present, rather than the normal pair. More common than Turner's syndrome, where only one X chromosome is present, X-trisomy usually remains undetected because affected individuals appear normal, experience puberty, and are usually fertile. Statistical studies suggest a slightly increased
Switzerland
Although Switzerland may not rank foremost among the centres of European culture, the country nevertheless can boast an impressive list of contributors to the arts and sciences. On the one hand, because of limited opportunities at home, some of Switzerland's creative minds have chosen to live elsewhere. This has been especially true of architects. On the other hand,
Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon
In his doctoral thesis at the University of Leiden (1875), Lorentz refined the electromagnetic theory of James
Anatolian Religion
Beliefs and practices of the ancient peoples and civilizations of Turkey and Armenia, including the Hittites, Hattians, Luwians, Hurrians, Assyrian colonists, Urartians, and Phrygians. For historical background, see Anatolia.
Bach, Johann Sebastian, Early years
J.S. Bach was born at Eisenach, Thuringia, on March 21, 1685, the youngest child of Johann Ambrosius Bach and Elisabeth L�mmerhirt. Ambrosius was a string player, employed by the town council and the ducal court of Eisenach. Johann Sebastian started school in 1692 or 1693 and did well in spite of frequent absences. Of his musical education at this time, nothing definite is known; however,
