Fichtel Hills
German �Fichtelgebirge�, Czech �Smrciny� mountains in northeastern Bavaria Land (state), southeastern Germany. They lie at the Czech border between the Franconian Forest in the northwest, the Ore Mountains (in German, Erzgebirge; in Czech, Kru
Kamacite
Meteoritic mineral consisting of iron alloyed with 5 to 7 percent nickel. It is found in iron meteorites and comprises all the metal in hexahedrites; it also is a principal constituent of the octahedrites, where it is intergrown with taenite (meteoritic nickel - iron). Its name is derived from the Greek word for shaft or lath and alludes to the shape of its crystals, which
Intention
(Latin: intentio), in scholastic logic and psychology, a concept used to describe a mode of being or relation. In knowing, the mind is said to �intend� or �tend toward� its object, and a thing as known, or in the knowing mind, has �intentional being.� Intention may mean either the mind knowing or the knowledge itself, analogous to the use of perception for the act of perceiving or for
Literature, Canada
The past - personal, historical, and imaginary - was the chosen ground for many Canadian novels in 2001, ranging from Nega Mezlekia's exploration of precolonial Africa from a postcolonial perspective in The God Who Begat a Jackal to Robert Hough's 20th-century circus saga about a tiger-taming woman, The Final Confession
Nilus Of Rossano, Saint
Also called �Nilus The Younger� abbot and promoter of Greek monasticism in Italy, who founded several communities of monks in the region of Calabria following the Greek rule of St. Basil of Caesarea. A supporter of the regular successors to the papal crown in their controversies with antipopes,
Pyroxenite
Dark-coloured, intrusive igneous rock that consists chiefly of pyroxene. Pyroxenites are not abundant; they occur in discrete inclusions, in layered sills (tabular bodies inserted between other rocks) and lopoliths (laccoliths with basin-shaped bases), in branching veins, in narrow dikes (tabular bodies injected in fissures), and at the edges of silica-poor plutons
Muroran
City, southern Hokkaido, Japan, on Cape Chikyu at the entrance to Uchiura Bay. After 1906 it began to grow from a village to a company town, producing steel and iron products. In 1982 Muroran succeeded in securing its water supply system from the company. It became the major heavy industrial centre (by value) on Hokkaido. The port also handles coal, machinery, wood, pulp, and marine products.
Levine, Jack
Trained first at the Jewish Welfare Center in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and later at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Levine also studied at Harvard University from 1929 to 1931. From 1935 to 1940 he was intermittently part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Pendant
In stone ceilings the use of pendant vaulting was
Pius Ix
Original name �Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti � Italian head of the Roman Catholic church whose pontificate (1846 - 78) was the longest in history and was marked by a transition from liberalism to conservatism. Notable events of his reign included the declaration of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception (1854) and the sessions of the First
Sommer, Ferdinand
During his academic career, Sommer held professorships at the universities of Basel (1902 - 09), Rostock (1909 - 13), Jena (1913 - 24), Bonn (1924 - 26), and Munich (1926 - 51). His most important works include Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre (1902; �Handbook of Latin Phonology
Addison, Joseph
English essayist, poet, and dramatist, who, with Richard Steele, was a leading contributor to and guiding spirit of the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator. His writing skill led to his holding important posts in government while the Whigs were in power.
T'ien-t'ai Mountains
Also spelled �Tientai Mountains, �Chinese �(Wade-Giles) T'ien-t'ai Shan, �or (Pinyin)� Tiantai Shan, � mountain chain in eastern Chekiang province, China. T'ien-t'ai is also the name of a mountain in the chain. The range forms the northeastern extension of the great Hsien-hsia Mountains in southern Chekiang, which form the watershed between the Ling River and the Ou River, draining into the east coast of Chekiang, and the Yin River, the Ts'ao-o River, and rivers of the Ch'ien-t'ang
Burger, Die
(Afrikaans: �The Citizen�), daily newspaper published in Cape Town, S.Af., the largest of the country's newspapers written in Afrikaans. Die Burger is known both for its generally balanced presentation of the news and for its support of policies of the South African government. It firmly supported the ruling Nationalist Party. It is published mornings except Sundays.
Bukovina
Eastern European territory consisting of a segment of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plain, divided in modern times (after 1947) between Romania and the Soviet Union. Settled by both Ukrainians (Ruthenians) and Romanians (Moldavians), the region became an integral part of the principality of Moldavia in the 14th century. Suceava, in the south of
Chang Ch�-cheng
Chang gained power through his position as tutor
Epicurus
Greek philosopher, author of an ethical philosophy of simple pleasure, friendship, and retirement. He founded schools of philosophy that survived directly from the 4th century BC until the 4th century AD.
La Rive, Auguste-arthur De
La Rive was elected to the chair of natural philosophy at the Academy of Geneva in 1823, and for the next seven years he conducted studies on the specific heat of various gases and the temperature of the Earth's crust. His experiments in 1836 on the voltaic
Good Hope, Cape Of
Rocky promontory at the southern end of Cape Peninsula, Western Cape province, South Africa. It was first sighted by the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias in 1488 on his return voyage to Portugal after ascertaining the southern limits of the African continent. One historical account says that Dias named it Cape of Storms and that John II of Portugal renamed it Cape
Ear Disease, Cyst of the ear
A cyst is a sac filled with liquid or semisolid material. A cyst of the ear is most often caused by a gland that lubricates the skin behind the earlobe, less often at the entrance of the ear canal. If the duct of this gland becomes stopped, the lubricating fatty material accumulates as a soft, rounded nodule in the skin. Infection of the cyst causes a tender abscess to form
East End
Traditional area of London, lying east of Shoreditch High Street, Houndsditch, Aldgate High Street, and Tower Bridge Approach. It extends eastward to the River Lea and lies mainly in the Inner London borough of Tower Hamlets, part of the historic county of Middlesex. In the Middle Ages the East End was part of the great parish of Stepney. It began to take on an identity
Sangha
The sangha originated in the group of disciples who renounced the worldly life to wander with the Buddha and listen to his teachings. After the Buddha's
U-boat
The Armistice terms of 1918 required Germany to surrender all its U-boats, and the Treaty of Versailles forbade it to possess them in the future. In 1935, however, Adolf Hitler's Germany repudiated the treaty and forcefully negotiated the right to build U-boats. Britain was ill-prepared in 1939 for a resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare, and during the early months of World
Maccarthy Island
Also called �Jangjangbure, �originally �Lemain Island, � island, in the Gambia River, 176 miles (283 km) upstream from Banjul, central Gambia. It was ceded in 1823 to Captain Alexander Grant of the African Corps, who was acting for the British crown. Designated as a site for freed slaves, the island was renamed for Sir Charles MacCarthy, British colonial governor (1814 - 24). In the 1830s peanut (groundnut) cultivation was introduced by the Wesleyan Mission
Tigray
The Tigray are descendants of a Semitic people who intermixed with the Cushitic inhabitants of the region and founded the Christian kingdom
Kathiawar Peninsula
Peninsula in southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. It is bounded by the Little Rann (marsh) of Kachchh (Kutch; north), the Gulf of Cambay (east), the Arabian Sea (southwest), and the Gulf of Kachchh (northwest). From the northeast an ancient sandstone formation extends into the peninsula, which has an area of 23,000 square miles (60,000 square km). Most of the sandstone, however, is masked
Canals And Inland Waterways, Bridges, aqueducts, and tunnels for waterways
Canals must frequently cross over or under roads and railways, rivers, and other canals. These crossings are made by a variety of bridges, sometimes carrying the road or railroad, sometimes carrying the canal. Most are fixed, though movable bridges are also used. On the Weaver River in England, four movable bridges, carrying main roads across the waterway, swing on
Anointment
Ritual application of oil or fat to the head or body of a person or to an object; an almost universal practice in the history of religions, although both the cultic practice followed and the sacred substance employed vary from one religion to another. It is possible to recognize three distinct, though not separate, meanings ascribed to ritual anointments by the devotees
Guadalupe
County, central New Mexico, U.S., an arid plains area dotted with hills and red mesas and marked by a few arroyos. The county lies mostly in the Pecos River valley, rising in the east to a High Plains region. The Pecos makes an irregular curve through the county from northwest to south, exiting at Sumner Lake. Santa Rosa Lake is an impoundment on the Pecos at Los Esteros Dam. Santa
Procter, William Cooper
The soapmaking firm of Procter
Hohenlohe-ingelfingen, Friedrich Ludwig, F�rst Zu
Hohenlohe entered the Prussian Army in 1768, distinguishing himself in the War
Kite
Regardless of the design, a kite must conform to the laws of aerodynamics and embody three fundamental characteristics: an aerodynamic structure to gain lift from the wind, a tether to keep it from blowing away, and a bridle to direct the kite face at the proper angle to the wind. A bridle consists of two or more lines attached directly to the kite face. The bridle lines
Ear, Human, Audiometry
The audiometer consists of an oscillator or signal
Anthophyllite
An amphibole mineral, a magnesium and iron silicate that occurs in altered rocks, such as the crystalline schists of Kongsberg, Nor., southern Greenland, and Pennsylvania. Anthophyllite is commonly produced by regional metamorphism of ultrabasic rocks. Because its fibres have a low tensile strength, anthophyllite asbestos is not as important as crocidolite or
Kazerun
The ruins of the ancient city of Bishapur (or Shahpur), which are situated 12 miles (19 km) north, have Sasanid (c. AD 224 - 651) bas-reliefs
Dahlbergh, Eric, Count (greve)
After serving as an engineer (1655 - 57) in Sweden's Polish campaign, Dahlbergh returned to fight
Takeda Shingen
Original name �Takeda Harunobu � one of the most famous of the military leaders who struggled for mastery of the strategic Kanto Plain in central Japan during the chaotic period of civil unrest in the 16th century. Takeda is especially well known for his series of battles with the noted warrior Uesugi Kenshin, not only famous in the annals of Japanese
John
After his father's death in 1486, John ruled the lands of the Ernestine branch of the Wettin
Chemoreception, Mammals
Chemoreceptively, mammals are the best studied of vertebrates by far, and man is probably the most studied of all, although experimental techniques that can be used with blowflies (Phormia) and rats are inappropriate for humans. The taste buds of mammals are mostly on the upper surface of the tongue, on so-called vallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae. Some taste buds
Nord-pas-de-calais
R�gion, encompassing the northernmost French d�partements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. The capital is Lille. The r�gion is bounded by the d�partements of Somme and Aisne to the south. The English Channel lies to the northwest and Belgium to the northeast. Flatlands predominate in the north, with much of the land lying below sea level. The hills of Cambrais and Avesnois
China, San-kuo (Three Kingdoms; AD 220 - 280)
By the end of the 2nd century AD the Han Empire had virtually ceased to exist. The repression of the Taoist rebellions of the Yellow Turbans and related sects marked the beginning of a period of unbridled warlordism and political chaos, from which three independent centres of political power emerged. In the north all authority had passed into the hands of the generalissimo
Nagercoil
City, southernmost Tamil Nadu state, southern India. Nagercoil lies west of the Aramboli Gap in the Western Ghats. It controls the major routes between Madras and Trivandrum and is a commercial centre for a rich agricultural area. Its name, meaning �snake temple,� indicates the early significance of the town's Saiva temple. Although historically a part of the Hindu kingdom
Cambrian Period
Earliest time division of the Paleozoic Era, extending from about 540 to 505 million years ago. The Cambrian Period is often divided into the Early Cambrian Epoch (540 to 520 million years ago), the Middle Cambrian Epoch (520 to 512 million years ago), and the Late Cambrian Epoch (512 to 505 million years ago). Rocks formed or deposited during this time are assigned to the Cambrian System, which was named
Rio Grande
Port city, southeastern Rio Grande do Sul estado (�state�), southern Brazil. The city lies along the Rio Grande (river), which is the outlet to the Atlantic of the Patos Lagoon. It is built on a low peninsula, barely 5 feet (1.5 m) above sea level and 8 miles (13 km) from the river's mouth. Where it enters the ocean, the river passes over a submerged bar that has been dredged so that oceangoing vessels
Biblical Literature, Acts
The various acts, close in form and content to the contemporary Hellenistic romances, turned the apostolic drama into melodrama and satisfied the popular taste for stories of travel and adventure, as well as for a kind of asceticism that was generally rejected by Christian leaders: Andrew (including the Acts of Andrew and Matthias Among the Cannibals), Barnabas
Arrau, Claudio
After studying privately in Santiago for two years, Arrau went to Berlin, where he studied with Martin Krause, a pupil of Franz Liszt, from 1912 to 1918. His serious career began with a recital in Berlin in 1914, and during the next decade he toured
Scandinavian Literature
The literature of Scandinavia and, in particular, of Iceland has reflected two extraordinary features of the social and cultural history of pagan Europe and of Iceland. The way in which names such as Siegfried, Brunhild, and Attila cropped up again and again in different European literatures has borne witness to the dissemination of legends and traditions common
West Bengal Duars
The West Bengal Duars were ceded to the British by Bhutan in 1863. They constitute a lowland forest belt along the junction between the Himalayan
Dzungar
Also spelled �Jungar, J��ngar, Dzhungar, or Dsongar, � people of Central Asia, so called because they formed the left wing (dson, �left�; gar, �hand�) of the Mongol army. A western Mongol people whose home was the Ili River valley and Chinese Turkistan, they adopted Buddhism in the 17th century. They are for all practical purposes identical with the Oyrat (q.v.).
Elixir
In alchemy, substance thought to be capable of changing base metals into gold. The same term, more fully elixir vitae, �elixir of life,� was given to the substance that would indefinitely prolong life - a liquid that was believed to be allied with the philosopher's stone. Chinese Taoists not only sought the �pill of immortality� but developed techniques (meditation, breathing
Seligman, Edwin Robert Anderson
Seligman was the son of a New York banker and had the distinction of being tutored by Horatio Alger. He was educated at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1885) and in Germany and France. Seligman served as professor of political economy at Columbia for 40 years (1891 - 1931). On his retirement he was chief
Peralta, Pedro De
Peralta arrived in Mexico City during the winter of 1608 - 09 following his university studies in Spain. In March 1609 the viceroy of Mexico appointed him to the post of governor of New Mexico; and, from April to October of that year, Peralta organized an expedition to that province. He
Lipetsk
City and administrative centre of Lipetsk oblast (province), western Russia. It lies along both banks of the Voronezh River in the Don Basin. A fortified settlement existed on the site in the 13th century, until its destruction by Tatars in 1284. The town was founded in 1703 as an ironworking centre by Peter I the Great. It also served as a spa resort; its natural springs and mineral-laden
Ribot, Alexandre (-f�lix-joseph)
Ribot studied law and rose to be director of the Department of Criminal Affairs at the Ministry of Justice. He was elected in 1878 to represent Pas-de-Calais in the Chamber of Deputies. Ribot was a moderate republican, and he specialized in financial matters. He lost his
Selfoss
Village, southwestern Iceland, 30 miles (48 km) east-southeast of Reykjav�k. It lies on the �lfus� River, about 5 miles (8 km) from the Atlantic Ocean. An agricultural market and dairying centre on the western edge of the country's most extensive agricultural region, it supplies most of the milk for the capital. Selfoss is also a popular resort. Pop. (1992 est.) 3,977.
Genda Minoru
Genda, a graduate of the Japanese Naval Academy (1924), was a fighter
