StickySpade: July 2004

Valencia

When Umayyad power in Moorish Spain disintegrated in the reign of Hisham II (1010), Valencia eventually came to be ruled by 'Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur (reigned

Claremont

City, Sullivan county, western New Hampshire, U.S., on the Sugar River near its junction with the Connecticut River. Settled in 1762, Claremont was organized as a town in 1764 and was probably named for the duke of Newcastle's country estate in England. Waterpower for early industry was provided by the Sugar River, and completion of the Concord and Claremont Railroad (1871 - 72) gave impetus

Kamehameha Iv

Original name �Alexander Liholiho � Hawaiian sovereign known for his firm opposition to the annexation of his kingdom by the United States. As Kamehameha IV, he strove to curb the political power of the American Protestant missionaries in the Hawaiian Islands. Dedicated to protecting his people, who were rapidly dying out because of disease, he sponsored

Melbourne (of Kilmore), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount, Lord Melbourne, Baron Of Kilmore, Baron Melbourne Of Melbourne

British prime minister from July 16 to Nov. 14, 1834, and from April 18, 1835, to Aug. 30, 1841. He was also Queen Victoria's close friend and chief political adviser during the early years of her reign (from June 20, 1837). Although a Whig and an advocate of political rights for Roman Catholics, he was essentially conservative. Not believing that the

Kamehameha Iv

International organization comprising 25 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. Originally confined to western Europe, the EU has expanded to include several central and eastern European countries. The EU's members are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,

Christiansted

Also called �Bassin� chief town and port of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, on the northeastern coast of the island. Exports are mainly watches and rum. It was formerly capital of the Danish West Indies and was a boyhood residence (1765) of the American statesman Alexander Hamilton. Pop. (1980) 2,914.

Paul Of Samosata

Paul

Location Theory

In economics and geography, theory concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics. Location theory addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why. The location of economic activities can be determined on a broad level such

Poxvirus

Any of a group of viruses constituting the family Poxviridae, responsible for a wide range of pox diseases in human beings and other animals. Poxvirus was the cause in human beings of smallpox (q.v.), which was declared eradicated worldwide in 1977. (Chicken pox of human beings is caused by a herpesvirus; see herpes zoster.) The virus particle is somewhat brick-shaped, with the

Alabama, University Of

State university with campuses at Tuscaloosa (main campus), Birmingham, and Huntsville. All three branches offer a wide university curriculum and programs for bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees. The University of Alabama School of Law is in Tuscaloosa, and the School of Medicine is in Birmingham. Total enrollment at the three campuses is about 40,000. The university

Chemical Compound, Aldehydes

There are two general ways of naming aldehydes. One method is based on the IUPAC system. (See Hydrocarbons: Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkanes: Nomenclature for a discussion of the origin and basics of the IUPAC system of nomenclature.) In this system, the suffix -al is used to indicate that the compound is an aldehyde, and the carbonyl carbon, which must be at one end of the

Architecture, History Of Western, Iberia

Highly interesting artistic flowerings occurred in Spain at the end of the protohistoric era. First, in the southwest of the peninsula, near the town of Cadiz, there developed at the extreme end of the 2nd millennium BC a civilization, still poorly understood, that tradition attributes to the semi-historic, semilegendary state of Tartessus. Archaeology has not yet revealed

Sucket Fork

Small metal utensil used for eating sweetmeats, or sucket, with a two- or three-pronged fork at one end of the handle and a spoon bowl, usually of teaspoon size, at the other. A sucket fork is mentioned in Edward VI's inventory of 1549, but most of the few surviving English and American examples, which are usually made of silver, date from the late 17th century.

Ligo Feast

In Baltic religion, the major celebration honouring the sun goddess, Saule (q.v.).

Adam, Robert

Robert was the second son of William Adam, the foremost Scottish architect of his time. William, who as master mason to the Board of Ordnance in North Britain supervised the design of military buildings, also designed numerous country houses in a conservative Palladian style - the modified classic Roman style that was originally developed by the 16th-century architect

Sunderland

In the year 674 a monastery was founded in an area on the north riverbank known later as Monkwearmouth. St. Bede the Venerable (672/673 - 735), noted chronicler of Anglo-Saxon affairs, was born in the area and studied there.

Ancient Rome, Second Punic War (218 - 201 BC)

It seemed that the superiority of the Romans at sea ought to have enabled them to choose the field of battle. They decided to send one army to Spain and another to Sicily and Africa. But before their preparations were complete, Hannibal began the series of operations that dictated the course of the war for the greater part of its duration. He realized that as long as the

Fish Processing, Vitamins and minerals

Fish provide a number of important vitamins and minerals to the diet. They are a good source of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine. The mineral content includes calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron.

Chi-nan

Well watered from natural springs, the area was settled in early times. From the 8th century BC it was the site of Li-hsia, a major

Lockwood, Margaret (mary)

Lockwood studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, England's leading drama school, and made her film debut in Lorna Doone (1935). A vivacious brunette with a beauty spot on her left cheek, she starred in a wide

Lockwood, Margaret (mary)

At a proposed merger between the ABA and the NBA, a class action was instituted by ABA players alleging violations of the

Noord-brabant

English �North Brabant� provincie (province), second largest of The Netherlands, extending northward from the Belgium border, between the provinces of Zeeland (west) and Limburg (east), to the Maas (Meuse) and Merwede rivers. It is drained by the Mark (Merk) and Dommel rivers and the Zuidwillemsvaart and Wilhelmina canals. Its capital is 's Hertogenbosch. Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron Age remains attest

Lancet, The

British medical journal established in 1823. The journal's founder and first editor was Thomas Wakley, considered at the time to be a radical reformer. Wakley stated the intent of the new journal was to report on the metropolitan hospital lectures and to describe the important cases of the day. The Lancet has since played an important role in medical and hospital reform

Togo, Government

The military coup d'�tat of 1967 abolished the constitution of 1963 and dissolved the National Assembly. Togo had been ruled since 1969 by the Rally of the Togolese People, the sole political party until 1991 when parties were legalized. A new constitution in 1992 established the president as head of state and an elected multiparty National Assembly. The president appoints the prime minister

Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm

Bessel was born in Westphalia, the son of a poor government employee. At the age of 15, he entered an export-import firm. During his apprenticeship, dreaming of travel, he studied languages, geography, the habits of distant peoples, and the principles of navigation, which led him to astronomy and mathematics. Working at night, in 1804 he wrote a paper on Halley's Comet in which he

Radical Republican

The Republican Party at its formation during the 1850s was a coalition of Northern altruists, industrialists, former Whigs, practical politicians, etc. While not publicly committed

Hetman

Military title used in the Polish - Lithuanian state (16th - 18th century); the hetman wielki (�great hetman�) was the chief of the armed forces and the commander in the field when the king was not present. In Ukraine a variation of the term, ataman, was used to designate the military leader of the Zaporozhian Cossacks (16th century) and the prince of the area east of the Dnieper River

Ashrawi, Hanan

The youngest daughter of a prominent physician, who was a founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), she grew up in an Anglican family. In the late 1960s Ashrawi joined the General Union of Palestinian

Morava River

Serbo-Croatian �Velika Morava� river in Serbia, Yugoslavia, formed by the confluence of the South (Juzna) Morava and West (Zapadna) Morava rivers. It follows a 137-mile (221-kilometre) course, mainly northerly, to enter the Danube River near Smederevo. North of Lapovo the Morava opens into the wide, meandering Pomoravlje valley, a fertile agricultural region. The total area of the Morava River basin is 14,457 square miles

Ambrose, Stephen Edward

American biographer and historian (b. Jan. 10, 1936, Decatur, Ill. - d. Oct. 13, 2002, Bay St. Louis, Miss.), wrote some three dozen books on U.S. history. His later works were populist in tone, celebrating the achievements of ordinary people. In 2002 he was accused of plagiarism, but in his defense he argued that he had cited sources for his material. Ambrose earned a B.S. degree in history from the University

Ambrose, Stephen Edward

Also called �cocoa� tropical tree, whose scientific name means �food of the gods� in Latin. Originating in the lowland rainforests of the Amazon and Orinoco river basins, cacao is grown commercially in the New World tropics as well as western Africa and tropical Asia for its seeds called cocoa beans, which are processed into cocoa powder, cocoa butter, and chocolate. This

Swamp Deer

Common name for the barasingha (q.v.) of India and for the marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), a large reddish brown deer of South American marshes.

Gaines's Mill, Battle Of

In the American Civil War, one of the Seven Days' Battles, which ended the Peninsular Campaign. See Cold Harbor, battles of.

Aquinas, Thomas, Saint, Hymns and liturgical compositions

�Pange, lingua, gloriosi� (1264); �Verbum supernum prodiens� (1264; �The Word of God Proceeding Forth�); office for the Feast of Corpus Christi (c. 1264), including the sequence �Lauda Sion Salvatorem� (�Praise, O Zion, thy Salvation�).

Affricate

Also called �semiplosive� a consonant sound that begins as a stop (sound with complete obstruction of the breath stream) and concludes with a fricative (sound with incomplete closure and a sound of friction). Examples of affricates are the ch sound in English chair, which may be represented phonetically as a t sound followed by sh; the j in English jaw (a d followed by the zh sound heard in French

Amud

University of Tokyo expeditions to the site, led in 1961 and 1964 by Hisashi Suzuki, unearthed Neanderthal

Anne And Joachim, Saints

The parents of the Virgin Mary, according to tradition derived from certain apocryphal writings. Information concerning their lives and names is found in the 2nd-century-AD Protevangelium of James (�First Gospel of James�) and the 3rd-century-AD Evangelium de nativitate Mariae (�Gospel of the Nativity of

Locarno

German �Luggarus � town, Ticino canton, southern Switzerland. It is situated at the northern end of Lago Maggiore, near the mouth of the Maggia River, west of Bellinzona. The site was settled in prehistoric times, and the town was first mentioned in 789. A possession of the dukes of Milan from 1342, it was taken by the Swiss in 1513. It became part of the newly formed Ticino canton in 1803 and, with Lugano and Bellinzona,

Anne And Joachim, Saints

The parents of the Virgin Mary, according to tradition derived from certain apocryphal writings. Information concerning their lives and names is found in the 2nd-century-AD Protevangelium of James (�First Gospel of James�) and the 3rd-century-AD Evangelium de nativitate Mariae (�Gospel of the Nativity of

Lewis, John

Reared in New Mexico by academically oriented parents, Lewis studied piano from childhood and, until 1942, anthropology and music at the University of

U2

At a 1993 U2 concert all eyes focused on a darkened stage lit only by the flashing headlights of several suspended Trabant automobiles. Giant video monitors projected Nazi propaganda footage punctuated by staccato bursts of slogans--"The Media Is the Anti-Christ," "Everything You Know Is Wrong," "Everyone's a Racist Except You"--reminiscent of some kind of bizarre brainwashing

Hitogami

(Japanese: �man-god�), a way of distinguishing certain characteristics of Japanese religion by focusing on the close relationship between a deity and his transmitter, such as a seer or a shaman. The Japanese scholar Hori Ichiro contrasts hitogami as a religious system with the ujigami (�guardian deity�) type of belief. Membership in the circle of believers is not dependent

International Relations, Strategic bombing

Allied strategic bombing was the most deadly form of economic warfare ever devised and showed another side of the indiscriminateness of industrial war. But in mid-1941 the British Chiefs of Staff soberly concluded that morale, not industry, was Germany's most vulnerable point and ordered Sir Arthur Harris of the RAF Bomber Command to concentrate on �area bombing� of

Rom

Plural �Roma�, also called �Gypsy�, also spelled �Gipsy� any member of the traditionally itinerant people who originated in northern India but live in modern times worldwide, principally in Europe. Most Roma speak some form of Romany, a language closely related to the modern Indo-European languages of northern India, as well as the major language of the country in which they live. It is generally agreed that Roma groups

Vigo

Port town and naval station, Pontevedra provincia, in the comunidad aut�noma (�autonomous community�) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. Vigo lies along the southeastern shore of the Vigo Inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, southwest of Pontevedra city. It was attacked by the English admiral Sir Francis Drake in 1585 and 1589. In 1702 a British-Dutch fleet under Sir George Rooke and James Butler,

C�rdoba

C�rdoba was probably Carthaginian in origin and was occupied by the Romans in 152 BC. The city flourished under

Beisa

African antelope, a race of the species Oryx gazella. See oryx.

Switzerland, Neutrality and internal challenges

During the 1850s the young republic clashed with Prussia over sovereignty in Neuch�tel, but the Prussian king finally renounced his hereditary rights to the former principality. Otherwise, Switzerland's foreign relations were relatively untroubled in the 19th century. The country adopted a policy of armed but cautious neutrality as the best strategy for a nation

'awali

Municipality in the state and emirate of Bahrain, on central Bahrain island, in the Persian Gulf. Founded in the 1930s by the Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO), it is situated just north of Bahrain's oil fields and southwest of the country's oil refinery, one of the largest in the world. The municipality was built to house the main offices, headquarters staff, and foreign executives

Cameron, Julia Margaret

The daughter of an officer in the East India Company, Julia Margaret Pattle married jurist Charles Hay Cameron in 1838. The couple had six children, and in 1860 the family settled on the Isle of Wight.

Biblical Literature, Other types

There is an unconscious tendency to conform hermeneutical principles to the climate of opinion in and around the community concerned, and to change the hermeneutic pattern as the climate of opinion changes. It is not surprising that in the circles where Pseudo-Dionysius (early-6th-century writings attributed to Dionysius, a convert of St. Paul) was revered as a teacher,

Annelid, Development

In annelids, the first four cells (blastomeres) give rise, by alternating clockwise and counterclockwise

Romance Languages

Group of related languages all derived from Vulgar Latin within historical times and forming a subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. The major languages of the family include French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian, all national languages. Catalan also has taken on a political and cultural significance; among the Romance

Sacco-vanzetti Case

The trial resulted from the murders in South Braintree, Mass., on April 15, 1920, of F.A. Parmenter, paymaster of a shoe factory, and Alessandro Berardelli, the guard accompanying him, in order to secure the payroll

Voyager

Voyager 2, launched on Aug. 20, 1977, traveled more slowly than its

Earth, Folding

Compression of the Earth's surface results in the formation of mountain ranges in which rocks are extensively folded. Erosion of a sequence of sedimentary rocks containing beds, some of which are easily eroded and others of which are resistant to erosion, produces numerous parallel ridges and valleys that are oriented parallel to the mountain belt in which they

Khalil Ibn Ahmad, Al-

When he moved to Basra, al-Khalil left the Ibadi sect of Islam, which was popular in his native Oman, for Sunnism (the largest branch of Islam). He lived simply and piously in Basra, where he taught. The renowned Sibawayh was

Grackle

Also called �Crow-blackbird, � any of several species of birds belonging to the family Icteridae (order Passeriformes) that have iridescent black plumage and long tails. Grackles use their stout, pointed bills to snap up insects, dig grubs from the soil, and kill small vertebrates, including fishes and baby birds; they can also crack hard seeds. Most grackles nest in colonies; after breeding, they

Wickerwork

Furniture made of real or simulated osier (rods or twigs) plaited into appropriate shapes. The Egyptians made furniture of this kind in the 3rd millennium BC, and it has always flourished in those regions in which there is a plentiful supply of riverside vegetation. A well-known example of Roman wickerwork is the chair on a 3rd-century-AD relief in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum

Khalil Ibn Ahmad, Al-

When he moved to Basra, al-Khalil left the Ibadi sect of Islam, which was popular in his native Oman, for Sunnism (the largest branch of Islam). He lived simply and piously in Basra, where he taught. The renowned Sibawayh was

Medicine, Britain

Public health services in Britain are organized locally under the National Health Service. The medical officer of health is employed by the local council and is the adviser in health matters. The larger councils employ a number of mostly full-time medical officers; in some rural areas, a general practitioner may be employed part-time as medical officer of

Auscultation

The technique

StickySpade

Saturday, July 31, 2004

Valencia

Claremont

Friday, July 30, 2004

Kamehameha Iv

Melbourne (of Kilmore), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount, Lord Melbourne, Baron Of Kilmore, Baron Melbourne Of Melbourne

Thursday, July 29, 2004

Kamehameha Iv

Christiansted

Wednesday, July 28, 2004

Paul Of Samosata

Location Theory

Tuesday, July 27, 2004

Poxvirus

Alabama, University Of

Monday, July 26, 2004

Chemical Compound, Aldehydes

Architecture, History Of Western, Iberia

Sunday, July 25, 2004

Sucket Fork

Ligo Feast

Saturday, July 24, 2004

Adam, Robert

Sunderland

Friday, July 23, 2004

Ancient Rome, Second Punic War (218 - 201 BC)

Fish Processing, Vitamins and minerals

Thursday, July 22, 2004

Chi-nan

Lockwood, Margaret (mary)

Wednesday, July 21, 2004

Lockwood, Margaret (mary)

Noord-brabant

Tuesday, July 20, 2004

Lancet, The

Togo, Government

Monday, July 19, 2004

Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm

Radical Republican

Sunday, July 18, 2004

Hetman

Ashrawi, Hanan

Saturday, July 17, 2004

Morava River

Ambrose, Stephen Edward

Friday, July 16, 2004

Ambrose, Stephen Edward

Swamp Deer

Thursday, July 15, 2004

Gaines's Mill, Battle Of

Aquinas, Thomas, Saint, Hymns and liturgical compositions

Wednesday, July 14, 2004

Affricate

Amud

Tuesday, July 13, 2004

Anne And Joachim, Saints

Locarno

Monday, July 12, 2004

Anne And Joachim, Saints

Lewis, John

Sunday, July 11, 2004

U2

Hitogami

Saturday, July 10, 2004

International Relations, Strategic bombing

Rom

Friday, July 09, 2004

Vigo

C�rdoba

Thursday, July 08, 2004

Beisa

Switzerland, Neutrality and internal challenges

Wednesday, July 07, 2004

'awali

Cameron, Julia Margaret

Tuesday, July 06, 2004

Biblical Literature, Other types

Annelid, Development

Monday, July 05, 2004